ABSTRACT
COVID-19 vaccines were designed to stimulate an immunological response, producing neutralizing antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Vaccine variants such as mRNA, viral vector, whole-cell inactivated virus, and protein subunit vaccines, have been reported to be efficacious in phase III trials and have gained emergency use approval in many countries. However, several adverse effects are reported in certain types of vaccines. All vaccines are being expedited by some Asian countries as part of their national immunization programs. This review primarily discussed the selected manufacturers of the COVID-19 vaccines used and their effectiveness in early-adopting Asian countries. The effectiveness in reducing the infection rate and safety of COVID-19 vaccines in Japan, Thailand, Singapore and Malaysia was also analyzed based on the available data. Strategies that can be used to speed up the vaccination rate in reducing the number of COVID-19 cases were also evaluated.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 Vaccines , COVID-19 , COVID-19/prevention & control , COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects , Humans , SARS-CoV-2 , Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus , Vaccination , VaccinesABSTRACT
Currently, prevention and control of the coronavirus disease pneumonia epidemic situation are grim globally. To cope with total sheer carriers and patients of COVID-19 requires intensive medical support and adjunctive therapies to overcome the disease. The epidemic can be controlled with the help of both, disease suppression via community health measures and adjunctive therapies for patients suffering from infection. Till date, we do not have any proper antiCOVID-19 therapy. In order to achieve the overall realization of this pandemic, there is a need to identify treatments depending upon their direct or indirect targets;like inhibition of polyprotein synthesis, transmembrane serine protease, inhibition of viral entry and endocytosis. This could be possible by turning the focus in the direction towards the development of numerous tentative drugs, particularly in the severe to badly ill. Though, majority of these off-label adjunctive medicines are being inspected in a lot of clinical trials at different stages, scientific organizations have endeavored to elucidate the situation where these adjunctive drugs might be practiced as off-label, open- label or compassionate. Our review compiles the adjunctive therapies adopted in COVID-19 infected patients according to clinical severity in conjugation with practicing recommendations from existing guidance rules issued by global professional bodies in healthcare. © 2021 Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Currently, prevention and control of the coronavirus disease pneumonia epidemic situation are grim globally. To cope with total sheer carriers and patients of COVID-19 requires intensive medical support and adjunctive therapies to overcome the disease. The epidemic can be controlled with the help of both, disease suppression via community health measures and adjunctive therapies for patients suffering from infection. Till date, we do not have any proper anti-COVID-19 therapy. In order to achieve the overall realization of this pandemic, there is a need to identify treatments depending upon their direct or indirect targets;like inhibition of polyprotein synthesis, transmembrane serine protease, inhibition of viral entry and endocytosis. This could be possible by turning the focus in the direction towards the development of numerous tentative drugs, particularly in the severe to badly ill. Though, majority of these off-label adjunctive medicines are being inspected in a lot of clinical trials at different stages, scientific organizations have endeavored to elucidate the situation where these adjunctive drugs might be practiced as off-label, open- label or compassionate. Our review compiles the adjunctive therapies adopted in COVID-19 infected patients according to clinical severity in conjugation with practicing recommendations from existing guidance rules issued by global professional bodies in healthcare.